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Masters of Defence

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Masters of Defence or Masters of Fencing is a widespread guild of teachers specializing in <a href="Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close combat</a> military techniques with weapons, civilian fighting skills, and unarmed combat. The title was coined during the <a href="Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a>, and referred to men who were particularly skilled at the art of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-John_Clements-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-I._Borden-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning">Beginning</h2></div>

The first Master known to history, at least according to this article, is Master Roger (known as le Skirmisour) of 1311 London.<a href="#cite_note-Egerton_Castle-3">[3]</a>

The Masters of Defence within Germany were the first to organize themselves into <a href="Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a>, such as the 1480 <a href="Brotherhood_of_St._Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brotherhood of St. Mark">Marxbrüder</a>. Other guilds included the Company of St Luke (Luxbrueder) and the <a href="Federfechter" title="Federfechter">Federfechter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_Clements-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Levinson,_Karen_Christensen-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later">Later</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation">Organisation</h3></div>

Prior to the year 1540, <a href="Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England, established the <a href="Company_of_Masters" title="Company of Masters">Corporation of the Masters of Defence</a>. During 1540, an order was given to nine Masters of Fence and eleven provosts to seek out other individuals acting as instructors who were of lower-standing and ill-repute, which included details of the rules of expected behavior and right conduct for those so-called Masters. In addition, fencing schools were already made party to the rules of law during the same time-period. At about 1570, the ruler of the nation of France recognized the first association of fencing masters of his country.<a href="#cite_note-I._Borden-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Levinson,_Karen_Christensen-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-C._Turner,_A._Soper-5">[5]</a>

During the late nineteenth century and twentieth century, there were a number of masters originating in the countries of Belgium, France, Italy, and Hungary, who migrated to the United States of America.<a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_R._Garret,_Emmanuil_G._Kaidanov,_Gil_A._Pezza-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personages">Personages</h3></div>

Fencing Masters known to history were Captain Caizo (circa sometime a little prior to July 1547), teacher of Le Sieur de Jarnac (who famously fought Lord Chastaigneraie in a duel); the 16th century Italian masters Agrippa, (Rocco Bonetti c.1570), <a href="Ridolfo_Capo_Ferro" title="Ridolfo Capo Ferro">Capo ferro</a>, <a href="Giacomo_di_Grassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo di Grassi">Di Grassi</a>, <a href="Salvator_Fabris" title="Salvator Fabris">Fabris</a>, <a href="Nicoletto_Giganti" title="Nicoletto Giganti">Giganti</a>, <a href="Achille_Marozzo" title="Achille Marozzo">Marozzo</a>, and <a href="Bolognese_Swordsmanship" title="Bolognese Swordsmanship">Viggiani</a>; Jean Baptiste le Perche du Coudray (c.1603, French); Wilhelm Kreussler father of the Kreussler dynasty, Wernesson de Liancour (c.1686); Sir William Hope (1660-1729); Henry Blackwell; <a href="James_Figg" title="James Figg">James Figg</a> (champion of the Corporation of Masters of Defence); Heinrich Wilhelm Kreussler a member of Germany's most important master fencing dynasties and teacher of Anthon Friedrich Kahn (18th century); <a href="Domenico_Angelo" title="Domenico Angelo">Domenico Angelo</a>; La Boiëssière père and <a href="Joseph_Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Boulogne">Joseph Boulogne</a>, joint inventors of the fencing mask (c.18th century); <a href="Sainct_Didier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainct Didier">Sainct Didier</a>, the supposed father of modern fencing; and <a href="Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">General Franz Siegel</a>, the master of the first fencing school in the USA at the New York <a href="Turnverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnverein">turnverein</a> (circa.1851).<a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Hutton_1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aldo_Nadi,_Paul_Gallico-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adolphe_Corthey-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Hutton_2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donald_J._LaRocca-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Levinson,_Karen_Christensen-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-N._Evangelista-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-C._Turner,_A._Soper-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_R._Garret,_Emmanuil_G._Kaidanov,_Gil_A._Pezza-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-hcs.harvard.edu-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div>

Between the 13th and 17th centuries, there were more than one hundred manuals of martial defense created by these Masters.<a href="#cite_note-John_Clements-1">[1]</a>

Jean Baptiste le Perche du Coudray (c.1603) was the first of France's modern masters to publish.<a href="#cite_note-N._Evangelista-14">[14]</a>

There is a 1711 publication by Zach Wylde on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

Amongst others, <a href="Egerton_Castle" title="Egerton Castle">Egerton Castle</a> wrote a text entitled Schools and Masters of Fencing: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century.<a href="#cite_note-Egerton_Castle-3">[3]</a>

<a href="Royal_Armouries_Ms._I.33" title="Royal Armouries Ms. I.33">Royal Armouries Ms. I.33</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Clements2001" class="citation book cs1">John Clements (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC&pg=PA317">Martial Arts of the World: R-Z</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 317. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1576071502</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-I._Borden-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I._Borden_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I._Borden_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFI._Borden2006" class="citation book cs1">I. Borden (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fN6BQ1lHTakC&pg=PA132">Inside Shakespeare: Essays on the Blackfriars Stage</a>. Susquehanna University Press. p. 132. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1575910772</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Egerton_Castle-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_Castle_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_Castle_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFEgerton_Castle2012" class="citation book cs1">Egerton Castle (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qupwNNpubekC">Schools and Masters of Fencing: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century</a>. Dover. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0486138756</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-27.</cite> (Master Roger le Skirmisour of 1311 - p.17)

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<li id="cite_note-David_Levinson,_Karen_Christensen-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Levinson,_Karen_Christensen_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Levinson,_Karen_Christensen_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Levinson,_Karen_Christensen_4-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFLevinsonChristensen1999" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8NMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 127. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0195131959</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-C._Turner,_A._Soper-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C._Turner,_A._Soper_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._Turner,_A._Soper_5-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFTurnerSoper1990" class="citation book cs1">Turner, C.; Soper, A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_9Wxiod0cIC&q=fencing+masters">Methods and Practice of Elizabethan Swordplay</a>. SIU Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0809315629</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Maxwell_R._Garret,_Emmanuil_G._Kaidanov,_Gil_A._Pezza-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_R._Garret,_Emmanuil_G._Kaidanov,_Gil_A._Pezza_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_R._Garret,_Emmanuil_G._Kaidanov,_Gil_A._Pezza_6-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMaxwell_R._GarretEmmanuil_G._KaidanovGil_A._Pezza1994" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell R. Garret; Emmanuil G. Kaidanov; Gil A. Pezza (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foilsaberepeefen00garr">Foil, Saber, and Épée Fencing: Skills, Safety, Operations, and Responsibilities</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0271010193</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Alfred_Hutton_1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Alfred_Hutton_1_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Hutton2012" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Hutton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvTDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">The Sword Through the Centuries</a>. Courier Corporation. p. 48. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0486149721</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-28.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Aldo_Nadi,_Paul_Gallico-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldo_Nadi,_Paul_Gallico_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNadiGallico2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Aldo_Nadi" title="Aldo Nadi">Nadi, aldo</a>; <a href="Paul_Gallico" title="Paul Gallico">Gallico, Paul</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bVe6Of_EsQC&pg=PA17">Nadi on Fencing</a>. Courier Corporation. p. 17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0486443752</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-28.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Adolphe_Corthey-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Adolphe_Corthey_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAdolphe_Corthey_(translated_by_C._Slee)2015" class="citation book cs1">Adolphe Corthey (translated by C. Slee) (2015-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xjM6CgAAQBAJ">Fencing Through the Ages</a>. LongEdge Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0994359001</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-28.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> David Glasser - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.nau.edu/~wew/fencing/masters.notes.html">Article entitled Fencing Masters</a> published by <a href="Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.nau.edu/~wew/fencing/masters.html">source:explicitly for personal use only</a> [Retrieved 2015-07-28]

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The National Fencing Museum of Britain - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fencingmuseum.com/16-18_century.htm">The fencing museum:16-18_century</a> [Retrieved 2015-07-24]

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<li id="cite_note-Alfred_Hutton_2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Alfred_Hutton_2_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Hutton2012" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Hutton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=saWjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">Old Sword Play: Techniques of the Great Masters</a>. Courier Corporation. p. 63. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0486140896</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-28.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Donald_J._LaRocca-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Donald_J._LaRocca_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDonald_J._LaRocca1998" class="citation book cs1">Donald J. LaRocca (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_f769tE97hxYC">The Academy of the Sword: Illustrated Fencing Books, 1500-1800, Books 1500-1800</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_f769tE97hxYC/page/n17">17</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0870998943</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-28.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-N._Evangelista-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N._Evangelista_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N._Evangelista_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFN._Evangelista1995" class="citation book cs1">N. Evangelista (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyJ8ebnS1HMC&pg=PA301">The Encyclopedia of the Sword</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 301. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0313278962</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-07-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-hcs.harvard.edu-15"><a href="#cite_ref-hcs.harvard.edu_15-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarvard_University" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~fencing/oldweb/history/fencinghistory.html">History of Fencing</a>. Harvard Computer Society. Retrieved 2015-07-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Zach Wylde - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVQmAwAAQBAJ&dq=Masters+of+Defence&pg=PT11">English Master of Defence</a> Wyvern Media, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1446693708</bdi> [Retrieved 2015-07-27]

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